BMW Garmisch: Bertone’s lost 3 Series

| 26 Apr 2024
Classic & Sports Car – BMW Garmisch: the story of Bertone’s lost 3 Series

Few knew the full details of the relationship between BMW’s Wilhelm Hofmeister and the legendary Italian design studio Bertone.

Hofmeister’s name will be forever associated with the upturned kink on BMWs’ rear side windows, but he was never a pen-wielding creative maestro.

Instead, he was something more senior.

Classic & Sports Car – BMW Garmisch: the story of Bertone’s lost 3 Series

Bertone’s striking proposal for the BMW 3 Series disappeared in the 1970s, but the reborn Garmisch is a faithful recreation of the original show car

Since the early 1950s, Hofmeister had overseen the company’s body-engineering department and the tiny styling department within it.

Rather than rely on the three to four stylists directly under his control, the German manager farmed out some projects to independent designers.

During the ’60s Hofmeister favoured Italian stylist Giovanni Michelotti, but as time passed, and BMW grew larger, he began casting his design net wider.

Classic & Sports Car – BMW Garmisch: the story of Bertone’s lost 3 Series

The one-off BMW Garmisch was unveiled by Bertone at the 1970 Geneva Salon

Step forward Nuccio Bertone’s company – a design studio that had been in business for longer than BMW itself.

Bertone was invited to provide a submission for the 1968 BMW 2500, forerunner to the first 7 Series.

Bertone’s design, penned by Marcello Gandini, was just one of several proposals alongside BMW’s in-house designers and another from the Michelotti studio.

Hofmeister, however, was impressed.

Classic & Sports Car – BMW Garmisch: the story of Bertone’s lost 3 Series

With the BMW 3 Series still five years away, the Munich marque wasn’t so keen on Bertone’s 1970 reveal

In June 1968 he switched BMW’s design consultancy allegiance from Michelotti to Bertone by signing a retainer.

Around this time, Hofmeister invited Nuccio Bertone to see BMW’s in-house proposal for the E12 – the upcoming mid-size saloon that would later be called the 5 Series.

The Italian walked around the full-size model and, with a frown, delicately asked how long the conservative-looking design was expected to last.

It was a perfect way to suggest that maybe Bertone could offer an alternative.

Classic & Sports Car – BMW Garmisch: the story of Bertone’s lost 3 Series

BMW design chief Adrian van Hooydonk pored over period imagery before initiating the recreation project in 2018

Bertone shipped its full-size E12 proposal in August ’69, complete with a hexagonal interpretation of BMW’s vertical twin-nieren (kidney) grilles.

Nuccio Bertone’s working relationship with Hofmeister strengthened, and his studio submitted ideas for the facelifted compact 2002 – again, proposing the same oversized grilles.

In late ’69, Bertone was asked to do some work on the all-new 2002 replacement – originally planned for introduction in 1973 – that was codenamed E21 and would be launched, after some delay, in 1975 as the BMW 3 Series.

Classic & Sports Car – BMW Garmisch: the story of Bertone’s lost 3 Series

Torinese coachbuilder Superstile built a full-scale foam model to recreate the BMW Garmisch

BMW drew up outline specifications that allowed Gandini to create his first thoughts on paper, continuing the hexagonal-grille theme on several sketches.

But behind the scenes Bertone’s craftsmen were up to something special – and a little daring.

Typifying the spirit of Italian design studios during their 1960s and ’70s heyday, Bertone decided to make one of Gandini’s E21 proposals into a drivable car to wow showgoers and, hopefully, BMW.

Classic & Sports Car – BMW Garmisch: the story of Bertone’s lost 3 Series

Superstile’s work on the Garmisch tribute made BMW designers re-evaluate how one-off concept cars are made

Early in 1970, Bertone picked apart a 2002ti donor car to build – without BMW’s agreement – a vehicle that was in essence the very first 3 Series.

“The original idea came from Nuccio Bertone himself, who wanted to consolidate our relationship with BMW by designing a surprise show car for Geneva,” recalls design legend Marcello Gandini.

“We wanted to create a modern, mid-sized coupé that was faithful to BMW’s design language, but also more dynamic and even provocative.”

Classic & Sports Car – BMW Garmisch: the story of Bertone’s lost 3 Series

The BMW Garmisch panels were beaten by hand over resin formers

It was called Garmisch, after Garmisch-Partenkirchen, the ski resort south of Munich.

“We picked the name because skiing was very popular at that time,” says Marcello.

“It evoked dreams of winter sports and Alpine elegance.”

This was typical Italian showmanship of the era, and it still carries on today: the Garmisch cheated here and there in the name of looking good.

Classic & Sports Car – BMW Garmisch: the story of Bertone’s lost 3 Series

Like the original, the reborn BMW Garmisch show car was built over the disassembled body of a 2002 donor car

Compared with Bertone’s formal E21 submission, the Garmisch car was subtly different in tiny ways: 35mm lower at the front, longer in the doors and sleeker overall.

When BMW heard that Bertone planned to reveal the fully drivable one-off Garmisch at the March 1970 Geneva Salon, the Italians were cautioned not to do so.

The reason was obvious: the upcoming E21 – the car that would be launched as the first 3 Series – was still a yawning five years away.

Classic & Sports Car – BMW Garmisch: the story of Bertone’s lost 3 Series

The BMW 2002’s stripped-out shell was supported using a specially built cage at Superstile

Plus, in early 1970 BMW employed its own new chief designer, Paul Bracq, who would be taking charge of the E12 5 Series and the forthcoming E21 3 Series, not Bertone.

Despite the potential for muddying the waters by revealing a BMW intended for many years into the future, Bertone was allowed to show the Garmisch thanks to Nuccio Bertone and Hofmeister’s relationship.

Bracq’s E21 ideas were quite different from those of Bertone, so the risk of playing BMW’s hand was negligible.

The Garmisch would make several appearances on the 1970 show circuit before this 3 Series-in-waiting vanished – seemingly forever.

Classic & Sports Car – BMW Garmisch: the story of Bertone’s lost 3 Series

The BMW Garmisch’s panels were recreated by Superstile’s master coachbuilders

Fast-forward almost 50 years to 2018 and BMW Group Design boss Adrian van Hooydonk had an idea.

After decades of horizontal kidney grilles, his team had proposed boldly shaped vertical items; it was a risk, but part of BMW’s new design DNA.

A few years earlier, he had seen photos of the almost-forgotten Garmisch, and now he thought about recreating it.

No cheating on technique: it would be made from a 2002 donor car, and on a tight budget.

Classic & Sports Car – BMW Garmisch: the story of Bertone’s lost 3 Series

BMW’s relationship with Bertone started with a proposal for the 1968 BMW 2500

Adrian explains his motivation: “Gandini’s designs have always been clear and clean, but also dramatic.

“He was always able to create something spectacular using very few design elements. This approach is still quite modern today.

“Building the Garmisch for a second time was an opportunity to pay tribute to Marcello, to recall one of his lesser-known cars and to highlight Bertone’s influence on the evolution of BMW design.

“That was reason enough to go ahead: filling in the gaps in BMW’s history.”

Classic & Sports Car – BMW Garmisch: the story of Bertone’s lost 3 Series

Bertone’s BMW concept was named after the Garmisch-Partenkirchen ski resort in Germany

Adrian’s first stop was in Turin, to ask the 79-year-old Marcello if he had any objections to the Garmisch recreation.

Surprised that BMW was interested in reincarnating it, the Italian designer was nonetheless happy to help.

In July 2018, design engineer Sebastian Höpfl was tasked with reverse-engineering the Garmisch – a car designed and built long before he was born – from a handful of photos and Bertone drawings.

“We started by scanning an original 2002 in the studio,” he says, “so we had a digital model to align to the photos and see what bits of chassis and suspension lined up.“

Classic & Sports Car – BMW Garmisch: the story of Bertone’s lost 3 Series
Classic & Sports Car – BMW Garmisch: the story of Bertone’s lost 3 Series

The BMW Garmisch recreation has a ‘vanity case’ glovebox

“Then we needed to source a freshly restored donor car through BMW Classic,” explains Sebastian.

By October 2018 the donor car was ready, and the digital interior and exterior completed.

Everything was shipped to Italy.

Just like Bertone had done back in 1970, artisan coachbuilders stripped down the freshly restored 2002.

The second life of a one-off Italian was about to begin.

Classic & Sports Car – BMW Garmisch: the story of Bertone’s lost 3 Series

The BMW Garmisch’s back seats are trimmed in white leather

Superstile is the unsung hero of Turin.

The company exists to build unique specials, using the dying art of making metal-bodied cars by hand, such as recreating BMW’s long-lost Garmisch one-off.

Superstile is run by Davide and Franco Palmisano, with the collaboration of Flavio Gallizio.

Like Giovanni Bertone, who handed his eponymously named business to son Nuccio, Flavio’s father set up the modern-day coachbuilder.

Classic & Sports Car – BMW Garmisch: the story of Bertone’s lost 3 Series

The BMW Garmisch’s hexagonal theme continues at the rear

The bloodline runs deep across the decades: back in the day, Flavio’s father worked at Bertone, so the metal-crafting baton was eloquently passed to the younger Gallizio.

Superstile was working under the same five-month timeframe as Bertone took to build the Garmisch, but its task was quite different.

“We had to source parts such as doorhandles and lights from the 1970s,” says Flavio.

“That’s where Klaus Kutscher at BMW Classic was so helpful – he could recognise components from other cars.”

Classic & Sports Car – BMW Garmisch: the story of Bertone’s lost 3 Series

BMW’s Garmisch has a groovy steering wheel and neat dials

Five decades ago, you could pop down to your local Fiat or BMW dealer for 130 Coupé front lights or a 2002 steering wheel, but those days are long gone.

Playing parts detective might have been fun, but the serious task of building resin formers to hand-beat the exterior sheet metal soon ran up against a problem: Bertone had not only lowered the 2002 in a quest to make it look slinky, but also moved the door hinge forward.

This required major surgery on the donor car.

Classic & Sports Car – BMW Garmisch: the story of Bertone’s lost 3 Series

BMW Classic helped to source parts for the Garmisch recreation

Thankfully, Superstile was able to suspend the 2002 in a specially built cage while the exterior was picked apart and drastically reconfigured under the skin for the longer doors.

Without the cage’s girdle-like support, the semi-naked 2002, devoid of so much structural metalwork, might have collapsed in on itself.

BMW designers and engineers dropped in on the project and found themselves amazed at the quality of Superstile’s craftsmanship – to the extent that it led to a reappraisal of today’s practice of using composite materials to build show cars and an acknowledgment that good, old-fashioned metal could still be a basis for a fully functioning one-off.

Classic & Sports Car – BMW Garmisch: the story of Bertone’s lost 3 Series

Adrian van Hooydonk reveals the finished BMW Garmisch to Marcello Gandini in the marque’s studio

The finished Garmisch, the second of its name, was duly completed on time and on budget in early 2019.

As planned, the reincarnated Garmisch was driven on to the centre stage at the 2019 Concorso d’Eleganza Villa d’Este.

The concept car sparkled in the Italian sun, looking every bit the ’70s design star it was.

But there was one unrealised wish for a hopeful Sebastian Höpfl: “With all those millionaire owners of classic cars in attendance there, we hoped someone would step forward and say, ‘Oh, actually, I’ve got the original Garmisch – it’s tucked away in my garage’. But no one did.”

Classic & Sports Car – BMW Garmisch: the story of Bertone’s lost 3 Series

“We wanted to create a coupé that was faithful to BMW’s design language, but also more dynamic and provocative”

The BMW design team’s ultimate detective story was drawing to a close, but there is a sequel to the tale.

Superstile had proven that it could make a fully functional, bespoke metal-bodied car from scratch.

“Everything worked – wipers, lights, the lot,” says Sebastian.

“Well, except the radio, which always made a crackly noise. But I’d happily drive our Garmisch across the Alps.”

Classic & Sports Car – BMW Garmisch: the story of Bertone’s lost 3 Series

The BMW Garmisch tribute was unveiled at the Concorso d’Eleganza Villa d’Este in 2019, almost 50 years after the original car was revealed

He might never get that chance, but Sebastian was reunited with Superstile five years later.

In early 2023, the Italian company built the BMW Concept Touring Coupé – a one-off two-door intended to wow the crowds at that year’s Concorso d’Eleganza event.

The Turin coachbuilder took the same skills, hammers and craftspeople to pick apart a Z4 roadster and reclothe it with unique sheet-metal, creating a BMW in the style of Z3 and Z4 Coupés past, blended with a contemporary sense of Italian couture.

Munich and Turin might be an hour’s flight apart, but their spirit of creative co-operation is clearly as close as ever.

Images: BMW Group

BMW by Design is available standalone (for £79.95) or as part of a three-book set called BMW Behind The Scenes (for £239.95). The set includes BMW’s Hidden Gems, which contains the full version of the Garmisch story, and BMW Art by Design. Both book and set are available direct, with free p&p, from stevesaxty.com/bmw


BMW design secrets

Classic & Sports Car – BMW Garmisch: the story of Bertone’s lost 3 Series

The BMW Turbo concept was designed with production in mind

BMW Turbo: an orange flash of inspiration

Former design chief Paul Bracq explained how orange became a BMW signature.

Bracq once had a studio by an airstrip used by the French Air Force, whose training aircraft had dayglo orange wingtips.

After it swapped to using decals, he asked for the surplus paint.

When he designed the ’72 BMW Turbo, he had it painted the Ruby Red of his Porsche 356 with the deformable plastic bumpers in the old orange paint to emphasise their safety credentials.

BMW called the E25 Turbo a ‘safety car’, but Bracq is clear that it was always intended for production.

Classic & Sports Car – BMW Garmisch: the story of Bertone’s lost 3 Series

BMW turned down Pininfarina’s 6 Series design and the idea morphed into the Alfa Romeo 164

Alfa Romeo 164: why waste a good idea?

At a quick glance, this is obviously the Pininfarina-designed Alfa Romeo 164.

Except that it isn’t: take a second look and there is a BMW twin-kidney grille on the front.

The Italian design studio would often offer a design around to a second client when the first turned it down.

Had BMW selected Pininfarina’s suggested design for the new 6 Series in the early 1980s, then Alfa Romeo might have been out of luck.

Classic & Sports Car – BMW Garmisch: the story of Bertone’s lost 3 Series

A heavily modified BMW Z1 was considered for an attempt at the Pikes Peak hillclimb

BMW Z1 concept: F1-powered Pikes Peak racer

BMW Technik’s 1980s chief Harm Lagaay realised that the 1.5-litre unit used in the contemporary F1 car, being based on the ’02 M10 block, could fit in a road car.

Okay, it needed revving to make its 800bhp, but it was ideal for a Pikes Peak racer.

Sketches of the single-seat, F1-engined Z1 were drawn and a wind-tunnel model made, but the idea didn’t progress further.

Classic & Sports Car – BMW Garmisch: the story of Bertone’s lost 3 Series

Characteristics from this 1990s BMW 2002 concept filtered down to the 2000s 1 Series

BMW 2002 reborn: back from the dead

In the ’90s, BMW engineers were examining how to use composites in production cars by stamping out panels in a special glassfibre.

At the same time, designer Andreas Zapatinas was sketching a 2002-style two-door.

The ideas met in a 3 Series Coupé rebodied as a light (sub-1000kg), no-frills car.

It evolved further into this lifelike ‘2K2’ by Chris Chapman – whose winning design for the 1 Series tipped its hat to this model.

Classic & Sports Car – BMW Garmisch: the story of Bertone’s lost 3 Series

BMW wanted to make the 7 Series a Rolls-Royce rival

BMW 7 Series: the Rolls-Royce from Munich

Back in the 1990s, BMW started looking at how it could move its model range – and especially the 7 Series – upmarket.

The designers sketched out what the range might look like for the ‘Zukünftige BMW Familie’ (ZBF, or future BMW family).

This drawing, by Joji Nagashima, flaunts a V12 badge with pride on its huge, imposing grille – almost feeling like a ‘9 Series’ or something even grander.

This concept became known as the ZBF after it was built into a fully drivable one-off.


Enjoy more of the world’s best classic car content every month when you subscribe to C&SC – get our latest deals here


READ MORE

C&SC presents… BMW Legends is out now

21 BMWs that were never made

Bond’s BMWs: Z3, Z8 and 750iL on track

Driving John Surtees’ BMW 503 Cabriolet